1. William James argues that in a case in which the truth of a particular belief depends on personal action and desire, having faith in the truth of that belief even in the absence of confirming evidence
| a. | shows bad judgment and lack of a scientific attitude. | |
| b. | is something to be avoided by anyone purporting to escape dupery and false beliefs. | |
| c. | is a lawful and possibly an indispensable practice in life. | |
| d. | is childish and shows a reticence to accept true responsibility on the part of the rational knowledge-seeker. | |
| e. | may be acceptable, but only in the case of religious belief. |